This course addresses the challenges of waste management, particularly in the trans-developing world where average daily per-capita waste generation varies between 250g and 6kg. It reviews waste management trends, from conventional “dry tomb” landfills to bioreactor-based technologies. The different technologies for transforming waste into added-value products are discussed, from high temperature gasification to intermediate temperature pyrolysis to near-room-temperature biophysical and biological waste treatment technologies such as fermentation and anaerobic digestion.